TY - JOUR
T1 - The Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown on Adults with Major Depressive Disorder from Catalonia
T2 - A Decentralized Longitudinal Study
AU - Lavalle, Raffaele
AU - Condominas, Elena
AU - Haro, Josep Maria
AU - Giné-Vázquez, Iago
AU - Bailon, Raquel
AU - Laporta, Estela
AU - Garcia, Ester
AU - Kontaxis, Spyridon
AU - Alacid, Gemma Riquelme
AU - Lombardini, Federica
AU - Preti, Antonio
AU - Peñarrubia-Maria, Maria Teresa
AU - Coromina, Marta
AU - Arranz, Belén
AU - Vilella, Elisabet
AU - Rubio-Alacid, Elena
AU - Radar-Mdd Spain, null
AU - Matcham, Faith
AU - Lamers, Femke
AU - Hotopf, Matthew
AU - Penninx, Brenda W. J. H.
AU - Annas, Peter
AU - Narayan, Vaibhav
AU - Simblett, Sara K.
AU - Siddi, Sara
AU - The Radar-Cns Consortium, null
N1 - Funding Information:
The RADAR-CNS project received funding from the Innovative Medicines Initiative 2 Joint Undertaking under grant agreement No 115902. This Joint Undertaking receives support from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program and EFPIA (www.imi.europa.eu accessed on 8 February 2023). This communication reflects the views of the RADAR-CNS consortium and neither IMI nor the European Union and EFPIA are liable for any use that may be made of the information contained herein. The funding body has been involved in the design of the study, the collection or analysis of data, or the interpretation of data. MTPM (7Z22/009) is partially released of clinical activity through a personal research grant of IDIAP Jordi Gol and Institut Català de la Salut (ICS).
Publisher Copyright:
© 2023 by the authors.
PY - 2023/3/15
Y1 - 2023/3/15
N2 - The present study analyzes the effects of each containment phase of the first COVID-19 wave on depression levels in a cohort of 121 adults with a history of major depressive disorder (MDD) from Catalonia recruited from 1 November 2019, to 16 October 2020. This analysis is part of the Remote Assessment of Disease and Relapse-MDD (RADAR-MDD) study. Depression was evaluated with the Patient Health Questionnaire-8 (PHQ-8), and anxiety was evaluated with the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7). Depression's levels were explored across the phases (pre-lockdown, lockdown, and four post-lockdown phases) according to the restrictions of Spanish/Catalan governments. Then, a mixed model was fitted to estimate how depression varied over the phases. A significant rise in depression severity was found during the lockdown and phase 0 (early post-lockdown), compared with the pre-lockdown. Those with low pre-lockdown depression experienced an increase in depression severity during the "new normality", while those with high pre-lockdown depression decreased compared with the pre-lockdown. These findings suggest that COVID-19 restrictions affected the depression level depending on their pre-lockdown depression severity. Individuals with low levels of depression are more reactive to external stimuli than those with more severe depression, so the lockdown may have worse detrimental effects on them.
AB - The present study analyzes the effects of each containment phase of the first COVID-19 wave on depression levels in a cohort of 121 adults with a history of major depressive disorder (MDD) from Catalonia recruited from 1 November 2019, to 16 October 2020. This analysis is part of the Remote Assessment of Disease and Relapse-MDD (RADAR-MDD) study. Depression was evaluated with the Patient Health Questionnaire-8 (PHQ-8), and anxiety was evaluated with the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7). Depression's levels were explored across the phases (pre-lockdown, lockdown, and four post-lockdown phases) according to the restrictions of Spanish/Catalan governments. Then, a mixed model was fitted to estimate how depression varied over the phases. A significant rise in depression severity was found during the lockdown and phase 0 (early post-lockdown), compared with the pre-lockdown. Those with low pre-lockdown depression experienced an increase in depression severity during the "new normality", while those with high pre-lockdown depression decreased compared with the pre-lockdown. These findings suggest that COVID-19 restrictions affected the depression level depending on their pre-lockdown depression severity. Individuals with low levels of depression are more reactive to external stimuli than those with more severe depression, so the lockdown may have worse detrimental effects on them.
KW - SARS-CoV-2
KW - Spain
KW - anxiety
KW - decentralized study
KW - depression
KW - lockdown
KW - quarantine
KW - remote measurement technology
UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85151111551
UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36982069
U2 - 10.3390/ijerph20065161
DO - 10.3390/ijerph20065161
M3 - Article
C2 - 36982069
SN - 1661-7827
VL - 20
JO - International journal of environmental research and public health
JF - International journal of environmental research and public health
IS - 6
M1 - 5161
ER -
SDG 3 Good Health and Well-being