The distortive mechanism for the activation of complement component C1 supported by studies with a monoclonal antibody against the "arms" of C1q

A mouse monoclonal antibody (IgG1 isotype) against human C1q (MAb 130) is presented that activates C1 in serum through its antigen-binding sites at an optimal molar ratio of 3 MAbs:1 C1q. The antibody does not inhibit binding of C1q to IgG. Experiments with pepsin- and collagenase-digested C1q showed that MAb 130 binds to the fibril-like strands (arms) of C1q, close to the globular heads. Bivalency of MAb 130 was a requirement for C1-activation, but not for binding to C1q. Increasing the segmental flexibility of the intact antibody by reduction and alkylation destroyed its capacity to activate C1. A MAb against the globular heads of C1q completely inhibited C1-activation by aggregated IgG (AHG), but did not prevent activation by MAb 130. C1, reconstituted by adding C1q-stalks that lack the globular heads to C1q-depleted serum was not activated by AHG, whereas activation by MAb 130 was not affected. Activation of serum-C1 by AHG and MAb 130 was inhibited by addition of excess purified C1-inhibitor in a comparable and dose-dependent manner. Sucrose-gradient analysis indicated a predominance of stable complexes of a single C1q-molecule with three MAbs at the optimal activating ratio. When isolated and added to C1q-depleted serum, these complexes activated C1 efficiently. A mechanism for activation by MAb 130 is proposed that supports the "distortive" model of C1-activation