The Complexity of Malignant Glioma Treatment

Linde F. C. Kampers; Dennis S. Metselaar; Maria Vinci; Fabio Scirocchi; Sophie Veldhuijzen van Zanten; Matthias Eyrich; Veronica Biassoni; Esther Hulleman; Michael Karremann; Wilfried Stücker; Stefaan W. van Gool

doi:10.3390/cancers17050879

The Complexity of Malignant Glioma Treatment

Linde F. C. Kampers, Dennis S. Metselaar, Maria Vinci, Fabio Scirocchi, Sophie Veldhuijzen van Zanten, Matthias Eyrich, Veronica Biassoni, Esther Hulleman, Michael Karremann, Wilfried Stücker, Stefaan W. van Gool^*

^*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journal › Review article › Academic › peer-review

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Abstract

Malignant glioma is a highly aggressive, therapeutically non-responsive, and deadly disease with a unique tumor microenvironment (TME). Of the 14 currently recognized and described cancer hallmarks, five are especially implicated in malignant glioma and targetable with repurposed drugs: cancer stem-like cells, in general, and glioma stem-like cells in particular (GSCs), vascularization and hypoxia, metabolic reprogramming, tumor-promoting inflammation and sustained proliferative signaling. Each hallmark drives malignant glioma development, both individually and through interactions with other hallmarks, in which the TME plays a critical role. To combat the aggressive malignant glioma spatio-temporal heterogeneity driven by TME interactions, and to overcome its therapeutic challenges, a combined treatment strategy including anticancer therapies, repurposed drugs and multimodal immunotherapy should be the aim for future treatment approaches.

Original language	English
Article number	879
Journal	Cancers
Volume	17
Issue number	5
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17050879
Publication status	Published - 1 Mar 2025
Externally published	Yes

Keywords

immunotherapy
malignant glioma
tumor microenvironment

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title = "The Complexity of Malignant Glioma Treatment",

abstract = "Malignant glioma is a highly aggressive, therapeutically non-responsive, and deadly disease with a unique tumor microenvironment (TME). Of the 14 currently recognized and described cancer hallmarks, five are especially implicated in malignant glioma and targetable with repurposed drugs: cancer stem-like cells, in general, and glioma stem-like cells in particular (GSCs), vascularization and hypoxia, metabolic reprogramming, tumor-promoting inflammation and sustained proliferative signaling. Each hallmark drives malignant glioma development, both individually and through interactions with other hallmarks, in which the TME plays a critical role. To combat the aggressive malignant glioma spatio-temporal heterogeneity driven by TME interactions, and to overcome its therapeutic challenges, a combined treatment strategy including anticancer therapies, repurposed drugs and multimodal immunotherapy should be the aim for future treatment approaches.",

keywords = "immunotherapy, malignant glioma, tumor microenvironment",

author = "Kampers, {Linde F. C.} and Metselaar, {Dennis S.} and Maria Vinci and Fabio Scirocchi and {Veldhuijzen van Zanten}, Sophie and Matthias Eyrich and Veronica Biassoni and Esther Hulleman and Michael Karremann and Wilfried St{\"u}cker and {van Gool}, {Stefaan W.}",

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year = "2025",

month = mar,

day = "1",

doi = "10.3390/cancers17050879",

language = "English",

volume = "17",

journal = "Cancers",

issn = "2072-6694",

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number = "5",

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TY - JOUR

T1 - The Complexity of Malignant Glioma Treatment

AU - Kampers, Linde F. C.

AU - Metselaar, Dennis S.

AU - Vinci, Maria

AU - Scirocchi, Fabio

AU - Veldhuijzen van Zanten, Sophie

AU - Eyrich, Matthias

AU - Biassoni, Veronica

AU - Hulleman, Esther

AU - Karremann, Michael

AU - Stücker, Wilfried

AU - van Gool, Stefaan W.

PY - 2025/3/1

Y1 - 2025/3/1

N2 - Malignant glioma is a highly aggressive, therapeutically non-responsive, and deadly disease with a unique tumor microenvironment (TME). Of the 14 currently recognized and described cancer hallmarks, five are especially implicated in malignant glioma and targetable with repurposed drugs: cancer stem-like cells, in general, and glioma stem-like cells in particular (GSCs), vascularization and hypoxia, metabolic reprogramming, tumor-promoting inflammation and sustained proliferative signaling. Each hallmark drives malignant glioma development, both individually and through interactions with other hallmarks, in which the TME plays a critical role. To combat the aggressive malignant glioma spatio-temporal heterogeneity driven by TME interactions, and to overcome its therapeutic challenges, a combined treatment strategy including anticancer therapies, repurposed drugs and multimodal immunotherapy should be the aim for future treatment approaches.

AB - Malignant glioma is a highly aggressive, therapeutically non-responsive, and deadly disease with a unique tumor microenvironment (TME). Of the 14 currently recognized and described cancer hallmarks, five are especially implicated in malignant glioma and targetable with repurposed drugs: cancer stem-like cells, in general, and glioma stem-like cells in particular (GSCs), vascularization and hypoxia, metabolic reprogramming, tumor-promoting inflammation and sustained proliferative signaling. Each hallmark drives malignant glioma development, both individually and through interactions with other hallmarks, in which the TME plays a critical role. To combat the aggressive malignant glioma spatio-temporal heterogeneity driven by TME interactions, and to overcome its therapeutic challenges, a combined treatment strategy including anticancer therapies, repurposed drugs and multimodal immunotherapy should be the aim for future treatment approaches.

KW - immunotherapy

KW - malignant glioma

KW - tumor microenvironment

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=86000801729&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.3390/cancers17050879

DO - 10.3390/cancers17050879

M3 - Review article

C2 - 40075726

SN - 2072-6694

VL - 17

JO - Cancers

JF - Cancers

IS - 5

M1 - 879

ER -

The Complexity of Malignant Glioma Treatment

Abstract

Keywords

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