@inbook{64859f4a437e4601b2b1093ca893296b,
title = "Recommended Nutrient Intake Levels for Preterm Infants",
author = "Berthold Koletzko and Sarah Wieczorek and Fook-Choe Cheah and Magnus Domell{\"o}f and \{van Goudoever\}, \{Johannes B.\} and Poindexter, \{Brenda B.\} and Nestor Vain",
note = "Funding Information: The primary goal of this book project has been to define desirable ranges of daily nutrient intakes for populations of enterally fed, stable and growing preterm infants with a birth weight up to 1,500 g (very low birth weight, VLBW, infants). These recommendations are based on the current knowledge as summarized in the different chapters of this book, as well as intensive discussions among the editors and authors held during three meetings of all authors held in October and November 2020. Recommended nutrient intakes that are considered a reasonable goal to reach are presented as daily intakes per kilogram body weight (Table ). Recommended ranges of nutrient levels per 100 kcal energy intake have been calculated based on an energy supply of 110 kcal/kg/day, which is considered the lower end of the range of adequate energy intakes. The group of authors expressed their level of support for each recommendation by voting, which is categorized as strong consensus (supported by ≥95\% of authors), consensus (support by ≥75–95\%), majority support (support by ≥50–75\%) and no consensus (support by < 50\%). These recommended intakes are intended to meet the nutrient requirements of almost all medically stable and growing VLBW infants, although individual needs may differ according to gestational age, postconceptional age, birth weight, current weight, rates of weight gain, disease conditions and other factors []. We are aware that intakes outside of these recommended ranges may occur in infants fed human milk with added fortifiers or preterm infant formula, e.g. resulting from variation of nutrient contents in human or cow milk, or from overages that occur to cover nutrient losses that may arise during handling and storage during a product{\textquoteright}s shelf life. The authors do not imply that nutrient contents below or above the ranges recommended here represent a risk for the target population. For comparative purposes, we also present the intake recommendations in the previous edition of this book [], the recommendations by the US Life Science Research Office 2002 for formula-fed preterm infants [, ], by Tsang et al. 2005 [] and by the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) 2010 [] (Table ).",
year = "2021",
month = aug,
day = "1",
doi = "10.1159/000514772",
language = "English",
volume = "122",
series = "World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics",
publisher = "S. Karger AG",
pages = "191--197",
booktitle = "World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics",
address = "Switzerland",
}