Predictive biomarkers for response to TGF- β inhibition in resensitizing chemo(radiated) esophageal adenocarcinoma

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been identified as a driver of therapy resistance, particularly in esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), where transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) can induce this process. Inhibitors of TGF-β may counteract the occurrence of mesenchymal, resistant tumor cell populations following chemo(radio)therapy and improve treatment outcomes in EAC. Here, we aimed to identify predictive biomarkers for the response to TGF-β targeting. In vitro approximations of neoadjuvant treatment were applied to publicly available primary EAC cell lines. TGF-β inhibitors fresolimumab and A83–01 were employed to inhibit EMT, and mesenchymal markers were quantified via flow cytometry to assess efficacy. Our results demonstrated a robust induction of mesenchymal cell states following chemoradiation, with TGF-β inhibition leading to variable reductions in mesenchymal markers. The cell lines were clustered into responders and non-responders. Genomic expression profiles were obtained through RNA-seq analysis. Differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis identified 10 positively- and 23 negatively-associated hub genes, which were bioinformatically identified. Furthermore, the correlation of DEGs with response to TGF-β inhibition was examined using public pharmacogenomic databases, revealing 9 positively associated and 11 negatively associated DEGs. Among these, ERBB2, EFNB1, and TNS4 were the most promising candidates. Our findings reveal a distinct gene expression pattern associated with the response to TGF-β inhibition in chemo(radiated) EAC. The identified DEGs and predictive markers may assist patient selection in clinical studies investigating TGF-β targeting.