Gender-related characteristics and disparities in estimated cardiovascular disease risk in a multi-ethnic general population: The HELIUS study

Background: Differences in cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk between men and women have been widely reported. However, risk differences by gender-related characteristics (sociocultural characteristics) have been poorly studied, although these characteristics may associate with cardiovascular health. We explored associations of three gender-related characteristics with estimated CVD risk in men and women within various ethnic groups. Methods: We used baseline data of 9185 participants of six ethnic groups of the HELIUS study (Amsterdam, the Netherlands), aged 40–65 years, without CVD and diabetes. We studied the associations of three gender-related characteristics (time per week doing household work, primary earner status, performing a male- or female-dominated occupation) with CVD risk as estimated with SCORE algorithm using linear regression analyses. Analyses were stratified by sex, and adjusted for age and socioeconomic status. Next, we explored whether associations differed across ethnic groups. Results: Individuals who were no primary earners had a 6% (beta 0.94; 95% CI 0.88–1.01; men) and 8% (beta 0.92; 95% CI 0.90–0.95; women) lower CVD risk than primary earners. Performing a female-dominated versus male-dominated occupation was associated with a 7% lower CVD risk in women (beta 0.93; 95% CI 0.88–0.99), but not in men. Time spent on household work was not associated with CVD risk. These associations were mostly consistent across ethnic groups. Conclusion: Masculine gender-related characteristics were associated with a higher estimated CVD risk across ethnic groups, specifically, being the primary earner (men and women) and performing a male-dominated occupation (women). Our findings may in future help to identify specific high-risk groups.