Emerging Allergen Immunotherapy Approaches: Impact on Intradermal and Subcutaneous Strategies in Food Allergy Treatment

Food allergy has emerged as a significant global health concern, impacting quality of life and contributing to rising health care costs. Severe allergic reactions can be life-threatening and, in some cases, require hospitalization. Standard care typically involves elimination diets and epinephrine injections upon accidental exposure. In the past decade, oral immunotherapy has proven to be effective in reducing symptoms of severe food allergies. However, it also has limitations, including long treatment durations and risk of severe adverse effects. Therefore, alternative therapies are being explored. These include intradermal and subcutaneous injections of novel hypoallergenic allergen immunotherapy (AIT) formulations, such as chemically modified allergens, T-cell epitope–based therapies, particulate-based strategies, and DNA vaccines. The present review will examine the potential of intradermal and subcutaneous AIT applications and provide an overview of current developments in these innovative AIT strategies.