Effect of a treatment strategy consisting of pravastatin, vitamin E, and homocysteine lowering on carotid intima-media thickness, endothelial function, and renal function in patients with mild to moderate chronic kidney disease: Results from the anti-oxidant therapy in chronic renal insufficiency (ATIC) study

Background: Patients with chronic kidney disease have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Oxidative stress has been proposed to play a role in the development of cardiovascular disease among these patients. Methods:Weconducted a randomized, double-blind trial in 93 patients (Cockcroft-Gault equation: creatinine clearance, 38±15 [mean±SD] mL/min per 1.73 m ² [0.63±0.25 mL/s per m²]) to investigate the effect of a treatment strategy designed primarily to achieve stepwise oxidative stress reduction oncommoncarotid intima-media thickness (CC-IMT), brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation (BA-FMD), albuminuria, and renal function. The treatment group received a regimen of pravastatin to which vitamin E supplementation was added after 6 months and homocysteine-lowering therapy after another 6 months. Blood pressure in both groups was managed according to a standard protocol. The placebo group received matching placebos. Measurement of CC-IMT and BA-FMD was performed at randomization after 6, 12, and 18 months. Patients were followed up for 2 years. Generalized estimating equations were used for analysis. Results: Compared with placebo, active treatment was associated with a decrease in CC-IMT (after 18 months: from 0.68 to 0.63 mm in the treatment group and from 0.65 to 0.71 mm in the placebo group; P<.001), an increase in BA-FMD (after 18 months: from 4.66% to 7.56% in the treatment group and from 6.21% to 4.73% in the placebo group; P<.001), and an attenuated increase in urinary albumin excretion over time (P=.04 for between-group difference after 24 months), but no effect was observed on renal function. Conclusion: In patients with mild to moderate chronic kidney disease, 18 months of a treatment strategy along with well-controlled blood pressure reduced CC-IMT and urinary albumin excretion and increased BA-FMD. Trial Registration: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00384618.