Diffuse cortical necrosis in a neonate with incontinentia pigmenti and an encephalitis-like presentation

Incontinentia pigmenti is a rare neurocutaneous disorder that may present with neurologic symptoms, in addition to a characteristic vesicular rash within the first days of life. We describe a neonate girl presenting with a rash and an encephalopathy who was first thought to suffer from a viral infection and was only later recognized as being affected by incontinentia pigmenti. Cerebral MR imaging showed extensive cortical necrosis in the acute period. Incontinentia pigmenti should be included in the differential diagnosis of encephalopathy and cutaneous involvement in neonates, after a viral infection has been ruled out.