Changes in Oral Health, Oral Behaviours, and Oral Healthcare Utilisation Among Indian Migrants Living in the Netherlands

Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess perceptions on the role of migration on oral health, oral health behaviours, and oral healthcare utilisation among Indian migrants living in the Netherlands. Design: Seven focus group discussions, with a total of 27 participants, were conducted among Indian migrants, using a semistructured interview guide. Interviews were transcribed and data were analysed using an open coding method, based on Andersen's behavioural model. Using directed content analysis, emerging themes were organised under the main Andersen's healthcare model. Results: The analysis resulted in six identified themes on changes perceived by Indian migrants in their oral health and oral health behaviours since migrating to the Netherlands, and in seven identified themes on changes perceived in their oral healthcare utilisation and identified barriers and facilitators with oral healthcare. Migrants reported shifts in product use, with some adopting Dutch oral hygiene routines while many also continued Ayurvedic practices. Positive dietary changes, such as reduced sugar consumption, were noted. Experiences with Dutch oral healthcare utilisation were mixed: some participants highlighted facilitators including practitioner honesty, fixed pricing, preventive orientation, and welcoming clinic environments, supported by dental insurance and recall systems. At the same time, barriers emerged, particularly related to limited communication, distrust in Dutch dentists, uncertainties about malpractice procedures, and challenges in navigating the referral system. Conclusion: This research highlights the complex factors associated with oral health behaviours and dental utilisation among Indian migrants in the Netherlands, emphasising the need for comprehensive consideration of cultural, socioeconomic, and environmental factors in future studies and interventions.